12 files changed, 926 insertions, 715 deletions

diff --git a/src/renderer/archive/render.c b/src/renderer/archive/render.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1e2a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/archive/render.c
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "animation.h"
+#include "maths_types.h"
+#include "mem.h"
+#include "transform_hierarchy.h"
+#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <stb_image.h>
+
+#define STB_TRUETYPE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <stb_truetype.h>
+
+#include "render.h"
+#include "render_types.h"
+
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <glfw3.h>
+
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "maths.h"
+#include "render_backend.h"
+
+// FIXME: get rid of these and store dynamic screen realestate
+//        in renderer
+#define SCR_WIDTH 1000
+#define SCR_HEIGHT 1000
+
+material DEFAULT_MATERIAL = { 0 };
+
+bool renderer_init(renderer* ren) {
+  INFO("Renderer init");
+
+  // NOTE: all platforms use GLFW at the moment but thats subject to change
+  glfwInit();
+
+#if defined(CEL_REND_BACKEND_OPENGL)
+  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);
+  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 1);
+  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
+  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
+#elif defined(CEL_REND_BACKEND_VULKAN)
+  glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
+#endif
+
+  // glfw window creation
+  GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(ren->config.scr_width, ren->config.scr_height,
+                                        ren->config.window_name, NULL, NULL);
+  if (window == NULL) {
+    ERROR("Failed to create GLFW window\n");
+    glfwTerminate();
+    return false;
+  }
+  ren->window = window;
+
+  glfwMakeContextCurrent(ren->window);
+
+  DEBUG("init graphics api backend");
+  if (!gfx_backend_init(ren)) {
+    FATAL("Couldnt load graphics api backend");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ren->blinn_phong =
+      shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/blinn_phong.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
+
+  ren->skinned =
+      shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/skinned.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
+
+  default_material_init();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void renderer_shutdown(renderer* ren) {}
+
+void render_frame_begin(renderer* ren) {
+  vec3 color = ren->config.clear_colour;
+  clear_screen(color);
+}
+void render_frame_end(renderer* ren) {
+  // present frame
+  glfwSwapBuffers(ren->window);
+  glfwPollEvents();
+}
+
+void default_material_init() {
+  INFO("Load default material")
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.ambient_colour = (vec3){ 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 };
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse = (vec3){ 0.8, 0.8, 0.8 };
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular = (vec3){ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse_texture = texture_data_load("assets/textures/white1x1.png", false);
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular_texture = texture_data_load("assets/textures/black1x1.png", false);
+  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.spec_exponent = 32.0;
+  strcpy(DEFAULT_MATERIAL.name, "Default");
+  texture_data_upload(&DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse_texture);
+  texture_data_upload(&DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular_texture);
+}
+
+void model_destroy(model* model) {
+  TRACE("Freeing all data for model %s", model->name);
+  arena_free_all(&model->animation_data_arena);
+  arena_free_storage(&model->animation_data_arena);
+  mesh_darray_free(model->meshes);
+  material_darray_free(model->materials);
+  if (model->is_uploaded) {
+    // Delete gpu buffer data
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
+      // FIXME: dont leak Opengl
+      glDeleteBuffers(1, &model->meshes->data[i].vbo);
+      glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &model->meshes->data[i].vao);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+typedef struct draw_ctx {
+  model_darray* models;
+  renderer* ren;
+  camera* cam;
+  scene* scene;
+} draw_ctx;
+bool draw_scene_node(transform_node* node, void* ctx_data) {
+  if (!node || !node->parent) return true;
+  draw_ctx* ctx = ctx_data;
+  model* m = &ctx->models->data[node->model.raw];
+  draw_model(ctx->ren, ctx->cam, m, &node->world_matrix_tf, ctx->scene);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void draw_scene(arena* frame, model_darray* models, renderer* ren, camera* camera,
+                transform_hierarchy* tfh, scene* scene) {
+  draw_ctx* ctx = arena_alloc(frame, sizeof(draw_ctx));
+  ctx->models = models;
+  ctx->ren = ren;
+  ctx->cam = camera;
+  ctx->scene = scene;
+  transform_hierarchy_dfs(transform_hierarchy_root_node(tfh), draw_scene_node, true, ctx);
+}
+
+void draw_model(renderer* ren, camera* camera, model* model, mat4* model_tf, scene* scene) {
+  // TRACE("Drawing model: %s", model->name);
+  mat4 view;
+  mat4 proj;
+  camera_view_projection(camera, SCR_HEIGHT, SCR_WIDTH, &view, &proj);
+
+  set_shader(ren->blinn_phong);
+
+  // set camera uniform
+  uniform_vec3f(ren->blinn_phong.program_id, "viewPos", &camera->position);
+  // set light uniforms
+  dir_light_upload_uniforms(ren->blinn_phong, &scene->dir_light);
+  for (int i = 0; i < scene->n_point_lights; i++) {
+    point_light_upload_uniforms(ren->blinn_phong, &scene->point_lights[i], '0' + i);
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
+    mesh* m = &model->meshes->data[i];
+    if (vertex_darray_len(m->vertices) == 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // TRACE("Drawing mesh %d", i);
+    material* mat = &model->materials->data[m->material_index];
+    draw_mesh(ren, m, model_tf, mat, &view, &proj);
+  }
+}
+
+void draw_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, mat4* model_tf, material* mat, mat4* view, mat4* proj) {
+  shader lighting_shader = ren->blinn_phong;
+
+  // bind buffer
+  bind_mesh_vertex_buffer(ren->backend_state, mesh);
+
+  // bind textures
+  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->diffuse_texture, 0);   // bind to slot 0
+  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->specular_texture, 1);  // bind to slot 1
+  uniform_f32(lighting_shader.program_id, "material.shininess", 32.);
+
+  // upload model, view, and projection matrices
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "model", model_tf);
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "view", view);
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "projection", proj);
+
+  // draw triangles
+  u32 num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(mesh->vertices);
+  draw_primitives(CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE, 0, num_vertices);
+}
+
+void draw_skinned_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, transform tf, material* mat, mat4* view,
+                       mat4* proj) {
+  shader lighting_shader = ren->skinned;
+
+  // bind buffer
+  bind_mesh_vertex_buffer(ren->backend_state, mesh);
+
+  // bind textures
+  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->diffuse_texture, 0);   // bind to slot 0
+  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->specular_texture, 1);  // bind to slot 1
+
+  // Uniforms
+  uniform_f32(lighting_shader.program_id, "material.shininess", 32.);
+  mat4 trans = mat4_translation(tf.position);
+  mat4 rot = mat4_rotation(tf.rotation);
+  mat4 scale = mat4_scale(tf.scale);
+  mat4 model_tf = mat4_mult(trans, mat4_mult(rot, scale));
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "model", &model_tf);
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "view", view);
+  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "projection", proj);
+
+  // bone transforms
+  size_t n_bones = mesh->bones->len;
+
+  // for now assume correct ordering
+  mat4* bone_transforms = malloc(n_bones * sizeof(mat4));
+  mat4 parent = mat4_ident();
+  for (int bone_i = 0; bone_i < n_bones; bone_i++) {
+    joint j = mesh->bones->data[bone_i];
+    transform tf = mesh->bones->data[bone_i].transform_components;
+    tf.position.y = -tf.position.y;
+    mat4 local = transform_to_mat(&tf);
+    mat4 inverse = j.inverse_bind_matrix;
+    inverse.data[13] = -inverse.data[13];
+    mat4 intemediate = mat4_mult(local, inverse);
+
+    bone_transforms[bone_i] = intemediate;
+    parent = bone_transforms[bone_i];
+  }
+
+  // premultiply the inverses
+  // for (int bone_i = 0; bone_i < n_bones; bone_i++) {
+  //   joint j = mesh->bones->data[bone_i];
+  //   // bone_transforms[bone_i] = mat4_mult(bone_transforms[bone_i], j.inverse_bind_matrix);
+  //   bone_transforms[bone_i] = mat4_mult(bone_transforms[bone_i], j.inverse_bind_matrix);
+  // }
+
+  glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(lighting_shader.program_id, "boneMatrices"), n_bones,
+                     GL_FALSE, &bone_transforms->data[0]);
+
+  free(bone_transforms);
+
+  // draw triangles
+  u32 num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(mesh->vertices);
+  draw_primitives(CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE, 0, num_vertices);
+}
+
+void draw_skinned_model(renderer* ren, camera* cam, model* model, transform tf, scene* scene) {
+  mat4 view;
+  mat4 proj;
+  camera_view_projection(cam, SCR_HEIGHT, SCR_WIDTH, &view, &proj);
+
+  set_shader(ren->skinned);
+
+  // set camera uniform
+  uniform_vec3f(ren->skinned.program_id, "viewPos", &cam->position);
+  // set light uniforms
+  dir_light_upload_uniforms(ren->skinned, &scene->dir_light);
+  for (int i = 0; i < scene->n_point_lights; i++) {
+    point_light_upload_uniforms(ren->skinned, &scene->point_lights[i], '0' + i);
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
+    mesh* m = &model->meshes->data[i];
+    if (vertex_darray_len(m->vertices) == 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // material* mat = &model->materials->data[m->material_index];
+    material* mat = &DEFAULT_MATERIAL;
+    draw_skinned_mesh(ren, m, tf, mat, &view, &proj);
+  }
+}
+
+void model_upload_meshes(renderer* ren, model* model) {
+  INFO("Upload mesh vertex data to GPU for model %s", model->name);
+
+  size_t num_meshes = mesh_darray_len(model->meshes);
+  u32 VBOs[num_meshes];
+  u32 VAOs[num_meshes];
+  glGenBuffers(num_meshes, VBOs);
+  glGenVertexArrays(num_meshes, VAOs);
+
+  u64 total_verts = 0;
+
+  TRACE("num meshes %d", num_meshes);
+
+  // upload each mesh to the GPU
+  for (int mesh_i = 0; mesh_i < num_meshes; mesh_i++) {
+    mesh mesh = model->meshes->data[mesh_i];
+    model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vao = VAOs[mesh_i];
+    model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vbo = VBOs[mesh_i];
+    // 3. bind buffers
+    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[mesh_i]);
+
+    size_t num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vertices);
+    // TRACE("Uploading vertex array data: %d verts", num_vertices);
+    total_verts += num_vertices;
+
+    size_t static_vertex_size = 2 * sizeof(vec3) + sizeof(vec2);
+    size_t skinned_vertex_size = 2 * sizeof(vec3) + sizeof(vec2) + 4 * sizeof(u32) + sizeof(vec4);
+    size_t vertex_size = mesh.is_skinned ? skinned_vertex_size : static_vertex_size;
+
+    // TRACE("sizeof(vertex) -> %ld, vertex_size -> %ld\n", sizeof(vertex), vertex_size);
+    if (mesh.is_skinned) {
+      assert(vertex_size == (12 + 12 + 8 + 16 + 16));
+    } else {
+      assert(vertex_size == sizeof(vertex));
+      assert(vertex_size == 8 * sizeof(float));
+    }
+
+    size_t buffer_size = vertex_size * num_vertices;
+    u8* bytes = malloc(buffer_size);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_vertices; i++) {
+      u8* p = bytes + vertex_size * i;
+      memcpy(p, &mesh.vertices->data[i], static_vertex_size);
+      if (mesh.is_skinned) {
+        u8* bone_data_offset = p + static_vertex_size;
+        memcpy(bone_data_offset, &mesh.vertex_bone_data->data[i], sizeof(vertex_bone_data));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 4. upload data
+    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_size, bytes, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+    // 5. cont. set mesh vertex layout
+    glBindVertexArray(model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vao);
+    // position attribute
+    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)0);
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+    // normal vector attribute
+    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+    // tex coords
+    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+
+    // skinning (optional)
+    if (mesh.is_skinned) {
+      glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
+      glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 4, GL_INT, vertex_size, (void*)(8 * sizeof(float)));
+
+      glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
+      glVertexAttribPointer(4, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(12 * sizeof(float)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  INFO("Uploaded %d submeshes with a total of %d vertices\n", num_meshes, total_verts);
+
+  // 6. reset buffer
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+}
+
+texture texture_data_load(const char* path, bool invert_y) {
+  TRACE("Load texture %s", path);
+
+  // load the file data
+  // texture loading
+  int width, height, num_channels;
+  stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(invert_y);
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpointer-sign"
+  char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &num_channels, 0);  // STBI_rgb_alpha);
+  if (data) {
+    DEBUG("loaded texture: %s", path);
+  } else {
+    WARN("failed to load texture");
+  }
+
+  unsigned int channel_type;
+  if (num_channels == 4) {
+    channel_type = GL_RGBA;
+  } else {
+    channel_type = GL_RGB;
+  }
+
+  return (texture){ .texture_id = 0,
+                    .width = width,
+                    .height = height,
+                    .channel_count = num_channels,
+                    .channel_type = channel_type,
+                    .name = "TODO: Texture names",
+                    .image_data = data };
+}
+
+void dir_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, directional_light* light) {
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.direction", &light->direction);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.ambient", &light->ambient);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.diffuse", &light->diffuse);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.specular", &light->specular);
+}
+
+void point_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, point_light* light, char index) {
+  char position_str[] = "pointLights[x].position";
+  position_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char ambient_str[] = "pointLights[x].ambient";
+  ambient_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char diffuse_str[] = "pointLights[x].diffuse";
+  diffuse_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char specular_str[] = "pointLights[x].specular";
+  specular_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char constant_str[] = "pointLights[x].constant";
+  constant_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char linear_str[] = "pointLights[x].linear";
+  linear_str[12] = (char)index;
+  char quadratic_str[] = "pointLights[x].quadratic";
+  quadratic_str[12] = (char)index;
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, position_str, &light->position);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, ambient_str, &light->ambient);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, diffuse_str, &light->diffuse);
+  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, specular_str, &light->specular);
+  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, constant_str, light->constant);
+  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, linear_str, light->linear);
+  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, quadratic_str, light->quadratic);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/archive/render.h b/src/renderer/archive/render.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31cf3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/archive/render.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * @file render.h
+ * @author your name (you@domain.com)
+ * @brief Renderer frontend
+ * @version 0.1
+ * @date 2024-03-21
+ *
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024
+ *
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include "camera.h"
+#include "loaders.h"
+#include "render_types.h"
+#include "transform_hierarchy.h"
+
+// --- Lifecycle
+/** @brief initialise the render system frontend */
+bool renderer_init(renderer* ren);
+/** @brief shutdown the render system frontend */
+void renderer_shutdown(renderer* ren);
+
+void renderer_on_resize(renderer* ren);
+
+struct render_packet;
+
+// --- Frame
+
+void render_frame_begin(renderer* ren);
+void render_frame_end(renderer* ren);
+void render_frame_draw(renderer* ren);
+
+// --- models meshes
+void model_upload_meshes(renderer* ren, model* model);
+void draw_model(renderer* ren, camera* camera, model* model, mat4* tf, scene* scene);
+void draw_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, mat4* tf, material* mat, mat4* view, mat4* proj);
+void draw_scene(arena* frame, model_darray* models, renderer* ren, camera* camera,
+                transform_hierarchy* tfh, scene* scene);
+
+void draw_skinned_model(renderer* ren, camera* cam, model* model, transform tf, scene* scene);
+
+void model_destroy(model* model);
+
+// ---
+texture texture_data_load(const char* path, bool invert_y);  // #frontend
diff --git a/src/renderer/render_backend.h b/src/renderer/archive/render_backend.h
index da30bcc..da30bcc 100644
--- a/src/renderer/render_backend.h
+++ b/src/renderer/archive/render_backend.h
diff --git a/src/renderer/archive/render_types.h b/src/renderer/archive/render_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13a6651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/archive/render_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// /**
+//  * @file render_types.h
+//  * @author Omniscient
+//  * @brief Type definitions for the majority of data required by the renderer system
+//  * @date 2024-02-24
+//  *
+//  */
+// #pragma once
+
+#include "animation.h"
+#include "darray.h"
+#include "maths.h"
+#include "maths_types.h"
+#include "str.h"
+
+struct GLFWwindow;
+
+#define MAX_MATERIAL_NAME_LEN 256
+#define MAX_TEXTURE_NAME_LEN 256
+
+// #ifndef RESOURCE_HANDLE_DEFS
+// // CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(model_handle);
+// #define ABSENT_MODEL_HANDLE 999999999
+// // CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(texture_handle);
+// #define RESOURCE_HANDLE_DEFS
+// #endif
+
+/* @brief Opaque wrapper around a shader program */
+typedef struct shader {
+  u32 program_id;
+} shader;
+
+/** @brief configuration passed to the renderer at init time */
+typedef struct renderer_config {
+  char window_name[256];
+  u32 scr_width, scr_height;
+  vec3 clear_colour; /** colour that the screen gets cleared to every frame */
+} renderer_config;
+
+// typedef struct frame_stats {
+//   u64 last_time;
+// } frame_stats;
+
+typedef struct renderer {
+  struct GLFWwindow *window; /** Currently all platforms use GLFW*/
+  void *backend_state;       /** Graphics API-specific state */
+  renderer_config config;
+  // shaders
+  shader blinn_phong;
+  shader skinned;
+} renderer;
+
+// // --- Lighting & Materials
+
+typedef struct texture {
+  u32 texture_id;
+  char name[MAX_TEXTURE_NAME_LEN];
+  void *image_data;
+  void *backend_data;
+  u32 width;
+  u32 height;
+  u8 channel_count;
+  u32 channel_type;
+} texture;
+
+typedef struct blinn_phong_material {
+  char name[MAX_MATERIAL_NAME_LEN];
+  texture diffuse_texture;
+  char diffuse_tex_path[256];
+  texture specular_texture;
+  char specular_tex_path[256];
+  vec3 ambient_colour;
+  vec3 diffuse;
+  vec3 specular;
+  f32 spec_exponent;
+  bool is_loaded;
+  bool is_uploaded;
+} blinn_phong_material;
+typedef blinn_phong_material material;  // when we start using PBR, this will no longer be the
+// case
+
+// // the default blinn-phong material. MUST be initialised with the function below
+// extern material DEFAULT_MATERIAL;
+// void default_material_init();
+
+#ifndef TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(material)  // creates "material_darray"
+#define TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(animation_clip)  // creates "material_darray"
+#define TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
+#endif
+
+// // lights
+// typedef struct point_light {
+//   vec3 position;
+//   f32 constant, linear, quadratic;
+//   vec3 ambient;
+//   vec3 diffuse;
+//   vec3 specular;
+// } point_light;
+
+// typedef struct directional_light {
+//   vec3 direction;
+//   vec3 ambient;
+//   vec3 diffuse;
+//   vec3 specular;
+// } directional_light;
+
+// void point_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, point_light *light, char index);
+// void dir_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, directional_light *light);
+
+// // --- Models & Meshes
+
+// /** @brief Vertex format for a static mesh */
+typedef struct vertex {
+  vec3 position;
+  vec3 normal;
+  vec2 uv;
+} vertex;
+
+typedef struct vertex_bone_data {
+  vec4u joints; /** @brief 4 indices of joints that influence vectors position */
+  vec4 weights; /** @brief weight (0,1) of each joint */
+} vertex_bone_data;
+
+#include "animation.h"
+#ifndef TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex)            // creates "vertex_darray"
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex_bone_data)  // creates "skinned_vertex_darray"
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(joint)
+#define TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
+#endif
+
+typedef struct mesh {
+  vertex_darray *vertices;
+  vertex_bone_data_darray *vertex_bone_data;  // only used if model needs it
+  joint_darray *bones;
+  bool is_skinned;
+  u32 vertex_size; /** size in bytes of each vertex including necessary padding */
+  bool has_indices;
+  u32 *indices;
+  u32 indices_len;
+  size_t material_index;
+  u32 vbo, vao; /** OpenGL data. TODO: dont leak OpenGL details */
+} mesh;
+
+// #ifndef TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
+// KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(mesh)  // creates "mesh_darray"
+// #define TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
+// #endif
+
+typedef struct model {
+  str8 name;
+  mesh_darray *meshes;
+  aabb_3d bbox;
+  material_darray *materials;
+  animation_clip_darray *animations;
+  arena animation_data_arena;
+  bool is_loaded;
+  bool is_uploaded;
+} model;
+
+// #ifndef TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
+// KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(model)  // creates "model_darray"
+// #define TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
+// #endif
+
+// // --- Scene
+
+// // NOTE: This struct won't stay like this for a long time. It's somewhat temporary
+// //       in order to get a basic scene working without putting burden on the caller of
+// //       draw_model()
+// typedef struct scene {
+//   directional_light dir_light;
+//   point_light point_lights[4];
+//   size_t n_point_lights;
+// } scene;
+
+// // --- Graphics API related
+
+// // typedef enum cel_primitive_topology {
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINT,
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE,
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE_STRIP,
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE,
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
+// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_COUNT
+// // } cel_primitive_topology;
+
+// // typedef enum gpu_texture_type {
+// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_2D,
+// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_3D,
+// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_2D_ARRAY,
+// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_CUBE_MAP,
+// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_COUNT
+// // } gpu_texture_type;
+
+// // typedef enum gpu_texture_format {
+// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_8_8_8_8_RGBA_UNORM,
+// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_DEPTH_DEFAULT,
+// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_COUNT
+// // } gpu_texture_format;
+
+// // typedef enum pipeline_kind {
+// //   GRAPHICS,
+// //   COMPUTE,
+// // } pipeline_kind;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.c b/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.c
index d991f03..7e48853 100644
--- a/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.c
+++ b/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.c
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
-#if CEL_REND_BACKEND_DX11
+#if defined(CEL_REND_BACKEND_DX11)
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <d3dcompiler.h>
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.h b/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..163ca97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/backends/backend_dx11.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "ral.h"
+
+#define GPU_SWAPCHAIN_IMG_COUNT 2
+
+typedef struct gpu_swapchain {
+} gpu_swapchain;
+typedef struct gpu_device {
+  // VkPhysicalDevice physical_device;
+  // VkDevice logical_device;
+  // VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
+  // VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures features;
+  // VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory;
+  // VkCommandPool pool;
+} gpu_device;
+typedef struct gpu_pipeline {
+} gpu_pipeline;
+
+typedef struct gpu_renderpass {
+  // VkRenderPass vk_handle;
+  // VkFramebuffer framebuffers[GPU_SWAPCHAIN_IMG_COUNT];
+  // u32
+} gpu_renderpass;
+
+typedef struct gpu_cmd_encoder {
+  // VkCommandBuffer cmd_buffer;
+} gpu_cmd_encoder;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/cleanroom/types.h b/src/renderer/cleanroom/types.h
index 7a6cfbd..0a28b1c 100644
--- a/src/renderer/cleanroom/types.h
+++ b/src/renderer/cleanroom/types.h
@@ -3,22 +3,11 @@
 #include "defines.h"
 #include "maths_types.h"
 #include "str.h"
+#include "render_types.h"
 
-CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(buffer_handle);
-CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(texture_handle);
-CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(sampler_handle);
-CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(shader_handle);
-CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(model_handle);
+// typedef struct transform_hierarchy {
+// } transform_hierarchy;
 
-typedef struct transform_hierarchy {
-} transform_hierarchy;
-
-/** @brief Texture Description - used by texture creation functions */
-typedef struct texture_desc {
-  // gpu_texture_type tex_type;
-  // gpu_texture_format format;
-  // u32x2 extents;
-} texture_desc;
 
 /*
  - render_types.h
@@ -27,102 +16,10 @@ typedef struct texture_desc {
  - render.h ?
 */
 
-// gpu types
-typedef enum gpu_primitive_topology {
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINT,
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE,
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE_STRIP,
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE,
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
-  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_COUNT
-} cel_primitive_topology;
-
-typedef enum gpu_texture_type {
-  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_2D,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_3D,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_2D_ARRAY,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_CUBE_MAP,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_COUNT
-} gpu_texture_type;
-
-typedef enum gpu_texture_format {
-  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_8_8_8_8_RGBA_UNORM,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_DEPTH_DEFAULT,
-  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_COUNT
-} gpu_texture_format;
-
 /* render_types */
 typedef struct model pbr_material;
 typedef struct model bp_material;  // blinn-phong
 
-#include "maths_types.h"
-
-typedef enum vertex_format {
-  VERTEX_STATIC_3D,
-  VERTEX_SPRITE,
-  VERTEX_SKINNED,
-  VERTEX_COUNT
-} vertex_format;
-
-typedef union vertex {
-  struct {
-    vec3 position;
-    vec4 colour;
-    vec2 tex_coords;
-    vec3 normal;
-  } static_3d; /** @brief standard vertex format for static geometry in 3D */
-
-  struct {
-    vec2 position;
-    vec4 colour;
-    vec2 tex_coords;
-  } sprite; /** @brief vertex format for 2D sprites or quads */
-
-  struct {
-    vec3 position;
-    vec4 colour;
-    vec2 tex_coords;
-    vec3 normal;
-    vec4i bone_ids;     // Integer vector for bone IDs
-    vec4 bone_weights;  // Weight of each bone's influence
-  } skinned_3d;         /** @brief vertex format for skeletal (animated) geometry in 3D */
-} vertex;
-
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex)
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(u32)
-
-typedef struct geometry_data {
-  vertex_format format;
-  vertex_darray vertices;
-  bool has_indices;
-  u32_darray indices;
-  vec3 colour; /** Optional: set vertex colours */
-} geometry_data;
-
-void geo_set_vertex_colours(geometry_data* geo, vec4 colour);
-
-typedef struct mesh {
-  buffer_handle vertex_buffer;
-  buffer_handle index_buffer;
-  u32 index_count;
-  bool has_indices;
-  geometry_data* vertices;  // NULL means it has been freed
-} mesh;
-
-/* Hot reloading:
-C side - reload_model():
-  - load model from disk using existing loader
-  - remove from transform graph so it isnt tried to be drawn
-  -
-
-*/
-
-// TODO: move to some sort of render layer (not inside the abstraction layer)
-typedef struct model {
-  str8 debug_name;
-  mesh* meshes;
-  u32 mesh_count;
-} model;
 
 // ? How to tie together materials and shaders
 
@@ -149,27 +46,6 @@ typedef struct model {
 /* --- Renderer layer */
 /* render.h */
 
-typedef struct renderer {
-  void* backend_context;
-} renderer;
-
-bool renderer_init(renderer* ren);
-void renderer_shutdown(renderer* ren);
-
-// frontend -- these can be called from say a loop in an example, or via FFI
-texture_handle texture_create(const char* debug_name, texture_desc description, const u8* data);
-
-// Frontend Resources
-void texture_data_upload(texture_handle texture);
-buffer_handle buffer_create(const char* debug_name, u64 size);
-bool buffer_destroy(buffer_handle buffer);
-sampler_handle sampler_create();
-
-void shader_hot_reload(const char* filepath);
-
-// models and meshes are implemented **in terms of the above**
-mesh mesh_create(geometry_data* geometry);
-model_handle model_load(const char* debug_name, const char* filepath);
 
 // Drawing
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/cleanroom/ral.h b/src/renderer/ral.h
index 15eb027..fd83e76 100644
--- a/src/renderer/cleanroom/ral.h
+++ b/src/renderer/ral.h
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
-#include "cleanroom/types.h"
+#include "ral_types.h"
 #include "defines.h"
+#include "str.h"
 
 // Forward declare structs
 typedef struct gpu_swapchain gpu_swapchain;
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ typedef struct gpu_cmd_buffer gpu_cmd_buffer;    // Ready for submission
 enum pipeline_kind {
   GRAPHICS,
   COMPUTE,
-} pipeline_kind;
+};
 
 typedef struct shader_desc {
   const char* debug_name;
diff --git a/src/renderer/ral_types.h b/src/renderer/ral_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b1ef62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/ral_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+ * @file ral_types.h
+ * @author your name (you@domain.com)
+ * @brief 
+ * @version 0.1
+ * @date 2024-04-27
+ * 
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024
+ * 
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "maths_types.h"
+#include "darray.h"
+
+#ifndef RENDERER_TYPED_HANDLES
+CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(buffer_handle);
+CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(texture_handle);
+CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(sampler_handle);
+CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(shader_handle);
+CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(model_handle);
+#define ABSENT_MODEL_HANDLE 999999999
+#define RENDERER_TYPED_HANDLES
+#endif
+
+// gpu types
+typedef enum gpu_primitive_topology {
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINT,
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE,
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE_STRIP,
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE,
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
+  CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_COUNT
+} cel_primitive_topology;
+
+typedef enum gpu_texture_type {
+  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_2D,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_3D,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_2D_ARRAY,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_CUBE_MAP,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_TYPE_COUNT
+} gpu_texture_type;
+
+typedef enum gpu_texture_format {
+  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_8_8_8_8_RGBA_UNORM,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_DEPTH_DEFAULT,
+  CEL_TEXTURE_FORMAT_COUNT
+} gpu_texture_format;
+
+/** @brief Texture Description - used by texture creation functions */
+typedef struct texture_desc {
+  // gpu_texture_type tex_type;
+  // gpu_texture_format format;
+  // u32x2 extents;
+} texture_desc;
+
+typedef enum vertex_format {
+  VERTEX_STATIC_3D,
+  VERTEX_SPRITE,
+  VERTEX_SKINNED,
+  VERTEX_COUNT
+} vertex_format;
+
+typedef union vertex {
+  struct {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec4 colour;
+    vec2 tex_coords;
+    vec3 normal;
+  } static_3d; /** @brief standard vertex format for static geometry in 3D */
+
+  struct {
+    vec2 position;
+    vec4 colour;
+    vec2 tex_coords;
+  } sprite; /** @brief vertex format for 2D sprites or quads */
+
+  struct {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec4 colour;
+    vec2 tex_coords;
+    vec3 normal;
+    vec4i bone_ids;     // Integer vector for bone IDs
+    vec4 bone_weights;  // Weight of each bone's influence
+  } skinned_3d;         /** @brief vertex format for skeletal (animated) geometry in 3D */
+} vertex;
+
+#ifndef TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex)
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(u32)
+#define TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/render.c b/src/renderer/render.c
index b1e2a46..8cd7421 100644
--- a/src/renderer/render.c
+++ b/src/renderer/render.c
@@ -1,36 +1,9 @@
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include "animation.h"
-#include "maths_types.h"
-#include "mem.h"
-#include "transform_hierarchy.h"
-#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include <stb_image.h>
-
-#define STB_TRUETYPE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include <stb_truetype.h>
-
-#include "render.h"
-#include "render_types.h"
-
-#include <glad/glad.h>
 #include <glfw3.h>
-
-#include "defines.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "maths.h"
-#include "render_backend.h"
-
-// FIXME: get rid of these and store dynamic screen realestate
-//        in renderer
-#define SCR_WIDTH 1000
-#define SCR_HEIGHT 1000
-
-material DEFAULT_MATERIAL = { 0 };
+#include "render.h"
+#include "camera.h"
 
 bool renderer_init(renderer* ren) {
-  INFO("Renderer init");
+  // INFO("Renderer init");
 
   // NOTE: all platforms use GLFW at the moment but thats subject to change
   glfwInit();
@@ -48,7 +21,7 @@ bool renderer_init(renderer* ren) {
   GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(ren->config.scr_width, ren->config.scr_height,
                                         ren->config.window_name, NULL, NULL);
   if (window == NULL) {
-    ERROR("Failed to create GLFW window\n");
+    // ERROR("Failed to create GLFW window\n");
     glfwTerminate();
     return false;
   }
@@ -56,358 +29,26 @@ bool renderer_init(renderer* ren) {
 
   glfwMakeContextCurrent(ren->window);
 
-  DEBUG("init graphics api backend");
-  if (!gfx_backend_init(ren)) {
-    FATAL("Couldnt load graphics api backend");
-    return false;
-  }
+  // DEBUG("init graphics api backend");
+  // if (!gfx_backend_init(ren)) {
+    // FATAL("Couldnt load graphics api backend");
+    // return false;
+  // }
 
-  ren->blinn_phong =
-      shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/blinn_phong.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
+  // ren->blinn_phong =
+  //     shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/blinn_phong.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
 
-  ren->skinned =
-      shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/skinned.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
+  // ren->skinned =
+  //     shader_create_separate("assets/shaders/skinned.vert", "assets/shaders/blinn_phong.frag");
 
-  default_material_init();
+  // default_material_init();
 
   return true;
 }
-
 void renderer_shutdown(renderer* ren) {}
 
-void render_frame_begin(renderer* ren) {
-  vec3 color = ren->config.clear_colour;
-  clear_screen(color);
-}
-void render_frame_end(renderer* ren) {
-  // present frame
-  glfwSwapBuffers(ren->window);
-  glfwPollEvents();
-}
-
-void default_material_init() {
-  INFO("Load default material")
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.ambient_colour = (vec3){ 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 };
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse = (vec3){ 0.8, 0.8, 0.8 };
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular = (vec3){ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse_texture = texture_data_load("assets/textures/white1x1.png", false);
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular_texture = texture_data_load("assets/textures/black1x1.png", false);
-  DEFAULT_MATERIAL.spec_exponent = 32.0;
-  strcpy(DEFAULT_MATERIAL.name, "Default");
-  texture_data_upload(&DEFAULT_MATERIAL.diffuse_texture);
-  texture_data_upload(&DEFAULT_MATERIAL.specular_texture);
-}
-
-void model_destroy(model* model) {
-  TRACE("Freeing all data for model %s", model->name);
-  arena_free_all(&model->animation_data_arena);
-  arena_free_storage(&model->animation_data_arena);
-  mesh_darray_free(model->meshes);
-  material_darray_free(model->materials);
-  if (model->is_uploaded) {
-    // Delete gpu buffer data
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
-      // FIXME: dont leak Opengl
-      glDeleteBuffers(1, &model->meshes->data[i].vbo);
-      glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &model->meshes->data[i].vao);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-typedef struct draw_ctx {
-  model_darray* models;
-  renderer* ren;
-  camera* cam;
-  scene* scene;
-} draw_ctx;
-bool draw_scene_node(transform_node* node, void* ctx_data) {
-  if (!node || !node->parent) return true;
-  draw_ctx* ctx = ctx_data;
-  model* m = &ctx->models->data[node->model.raw];
-  draw_model(ctx->ren, ctx->cam, m, &node->world_matrix_tf, ctx->scene);
-  return true;
-}
-
-void draw_scene(arena* frame, model_darray* models, renderer* ren, camera* camera,
-                transform_hierarchy* tfh, scene* scene) {
-  draw_ctx* ctx = arena_alloc(frame, sizeof(draw_ctx));
-  ctx->models = models;
-  ctx->ren = ren;
-  ctx->cam = camera;
-  ctx->scene = scene;
-  transform_hierarchy_dfs(transform_hierarchy_root_node(tfh), draw_scene_node, true, ctx);
-}
-
-void draw_model(renderer* ren, camera* camera, model* model, mat4* model_tf, scene* scene) {
-  // TRACE("Drawing model: %s", model->name);
-  mat4 view;
-  mat4 proj;
-  camera_view_projection(camera, SCR_HEIGHT, SCR_WIDTH, &view, &proj);
-
-  set_shader(ren->blinn_phong);
-
-  // set camera uniform
-  uniform_vec3f(ren->blinn_phong.program_id, "viewPos", &camera->position);
-  // set light uniforms
-  dir_light_upload_uniforms(ren->blinn_phong, &scene->dir_light);
-  for (int i = 0; i < scene->n_point_lights; i++) {
-    point_light_upload_uniforms(ren->blinn_phong, &scene->point_lights[i], '0' + i);
-  }
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
-    mesh* m = &model->meshes->data[i];
-    if (vertex_darray_len(m->vertices) == 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    // TRACE("Drawing mesh %d", i);
-    material* mat = &model->materials->data[m->material_index];
-    draw_mesh(ren, m, model_tf, mat, &view, &proj);
-  }
-}
-
-void draw_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, mat4* model_tf, material* mat, mat4* view, mat4* proj) {
-  shader lighting_shader = ren->blinn_phong;
-
-  // bind buffer
-  bind_mesh_vertex_buffer(ren->backend_state, mesh);
-
-  // bind textures
-  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->diffuse_texture, 0);   // bind to slot 0
-  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->specular_texture, 1);  // bind to slot 1
-  uniform_f32(lighting_shader.program_id, "material.shininess", 32.);
-
-  // upload model, view, and projection matrices
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "model", model_tf);
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "view", view);
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "projection", proj);
-
-  // draw triangles
-  u32 num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(mesh->vertices);
-  draw_primitives(CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE, 0, num_vertices);
-}
-
-void draw_skinned_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, transform tf, material* mat, mat4* view,
-                       mat4* proj) {
-  shader lighting_shader = ren->skinned;
-
-  // bind buffer
-  bind_mesh_vertex_buffer(ren->backend_state, mesh);
-
-  // bind textures
-  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->diffuse_texture, 0);   // bind to slot 0
-  bind_texture(lighting_shader, &mat->specular_texture, 1);  // bind to slot 1
-
-  // Uniforms
-  uniform_f32(lighting_shader.program_id, "material.shininess", 32.);
-  mat4 trans = mat4_translation(tf.position);
-  mat4 rot = mat4_rotation(tf.rotation);
-  mat4 scale = mat4_scale(tf.scale);
-  mat4 model_tf = mat4_mult(trans, mat4_mult(rot, scale));
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "model", &model_tf);
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "view", view);
-  uniform_mat4f(lighting_shader.program_id, "projection", proj);
-
-  // bone transforms
-  size_t n_bones = mesh->bones->len;
-
-  // for now assume correct ordering
-  mat4* bone_transforms = malloc(n_bones * sizeof(mat4));
-  mat4 parent = mat4_ident();
-  for (int bone_i = 0; bone_i < n_bones; bone_i++) {
-    joint j = mesh->bones->data[bone_i];
-    transform tf = mesh->bones->data[bone_i].transform_components;
-    tf.position.y = -tf.position.y;
-    mat4 local = transform_to_mat(&tf);
-    mat4 inverse = j.inverse_bind_matrix;
-    inverse.data[13] = -inverse.data[13];
-    mat4 intemediate = mat4_mult(local, inverse);
-
-    bone_transforms[bone_i] = intemediate;
-    parent = bone_transforms[bone_i];
-  }
-
-  // premultiply the inverses
-  // for (int bone_i = 0; bone_i < n_bones; bone_i++) {
-  //   joint j = mesh->bones->data[bone_i];
-  //   // bone_transforms[bone_i] = mat4_mult(bone_transforms[bone_i], j.inverse_bind_matrix);
-  //   bone_transforms[bone_i] = mat4_mult(bone_transforms[bone_i], j.inverse_bind_matrix);
-  // }
-
-  glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(lighting_shader.program_id, "boneMatrices"), n_bones,
-                     GL_FALSE, &bone_transforms->data[0]);
-
-  free(bone_transforms);
-
-  // draw triangles
-  u32 num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(mesh->vertices);
-  draw_primitives(CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE, 0, num_vertices);
-}
-
-void draw_skinned_model(renderer* ren, camera* cam, model* model, transform tf, scene* scene) {
-  mat4 view;
-  mat4 proj;
-  camera_view_projection(cam, SCR_HEIGHT, SCR_WIDTH, &view, &proj);
-
-  set_shader(ren->skinned);
-
-  // set camera uniform
-  uniform_vec3f(ren->skinned.program_id, "viewPos", &cam->position);
-  // set light uniforms
-  dir_light_upload_uniforms(ren->skinned, &scene->dir_light);
-  for (int i = 0; i < scene->n_point_lights; i++) {
-    point_light_upload_uniforms(ren->skinned, &scene->point_lights[i], '0' + i);
-  }
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < mesh_darray_len(model->meshes); i++) {
-    mesh* m = &model->meshes->data[i];
-    if (vertex_darray_len(m->vertices) == 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    // material* mat = &model->materials->data[m->material_index];
-    material* mat = &DEFAULT_MATERIAL;
-    draw_skinned_mesh(ren, m, tf, mat, &view, &proj);
-  }
-}
-
-void model_upload_meshes(renderer* ren, model* model) {
-  INFO("Upload mesh vertex data to GPU for model %s", model->name);
-
-  size_t num_meshes = mesh_darray_len(model->meshes);
-  u32 VBOs[num_meshes];
-  u32 VAOs[num_meshes];
-  glGenBuffers(num_meshes, VBOs);
-  glGenVertexArrays(num_meshes, VAOs);
-
-  u64 total_verts = 0;
-
-  TRACE("num meshes %d", num_meshes);
-
-  // upload each mesh to the GPU
-  for (int mesh_i = 0; mesh_i < num_meshes; mesh_i++) {
-    mesh mesh = model->meshes->data[mesh_i];
-    model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vao = VAOs[mesh_i];
-    model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vbo = VBOs[mesh_i];
-    // 3. bind buffers
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[mesh_i]);
-
-    size_t num_vertices = vertex_darray_len(model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vertices);
-    // TRACE("Uploading vertex array data: %d verts", num_vertices);
-    total_verts += num_vertices;
-
-    size_t static_vertex_size = 2 * sizeof(vec3) + sizeof(vec2);
-    size_t skinned_vertex_size = 2 * sizeof(vec3) + sizeof(vec2) + 4 * sizeof(u32) + sizeof(vec4);
-    size_t vertex_size = mesh.is_skinned ? skinned_vertex_size : static_vertex_size;
-
-    // TRACE("sizeof(vertex) -> %ld, vertex_size -> %ld\n", sizeof(vertex), vertex_size);
-    if (mesh.is_skinned) {
-      assert(vertex_size == (12 + 12 + 8 + 16 + 16));
-    } else {
-      assert(vertex_size == sizeof(vertex));
-      assert(vertex_size == 8 * sizeof(float));
-    }
-
-    size_t buffer_size = vertex_size * num_vertices;
-    u8* bytes = malloc(buffer_size);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_vertices; i++) {
-      u8* p = bytes + vertex_size * i;
-      memcpy(p, &mesh.vertices->data[i], static_vertex_size);
-      if (mesh.is_skinned) {
-        u8* bone_data_offset = p + static_vertex_size;
-        memcpy(bone_data_offset, &mesh.vertex_bone_data->data[i], sizeof(vertex_bone_data));
-      }
-    }
-
-    // 4. upload data
-    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer_size, bytes, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-
-    // 5. cont. set mesh vertex layout
-    glBindVertexArray(model->meshes->data[mesh_i].vao);
-    // position attribute
-    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)0);
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-    // normal vector attribute
-    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-    // tex coords
-    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
-
-    // skinning (optional)
-    if (mesh.is_skinned) {
-      glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
-      glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 4, GL_INT, vertex_size, (void*)(8 * sizeof(float)));
-
-      glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
-      glVertexAttribPointer(4, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, vertex_size, (void*)(12 * sizeof(float)));
-    }
-  }
-
-  INFO("Uploaded %d submeshes with a total of %d vertices\n", num_meshes, total_verts);
-
-  // 6. reset buffer
-  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
-}
-
-texture texture_data_load(const char* path, bool invert_y) {
-  TRACE("Load texture %s", path);
-
-  // load the file data
-  // texture loading
-  int width, height, num_channels;
-  stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(invert_y);
-
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpointer-sign"
-  char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &num_channels, 0);  // STBI_rgb_alpha);
-  if (data) {
-    DEBUG("loaded texture: %s", path);
-  } else {
-    WARN("failed to load texture");
-  }
-
-  unsigned int channel_type;
-  if (num_channels == 4) {
-    channel_type = GL_RGBA;
-  } else {
-    channel_type = GL_RGB;
-  }
-
-  return (texture){ .texture_id = 0,
-                    .width = width,
-                    .height = height,
-                    .channel_count = num_channels,
-                    .channel_type = channel_type,
-                    .name = "TODO: Texture names",
-                    .image_data = data };
-}
-
-void dir_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, directional_light* light) {
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.direction", &light->direction);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.ambient", &light->ambient);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.diffuse", &light->diffuse);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, "dirLight.specular", &light->specular);
-}
+void render_frame_begin(renderer* ren) {}
+void render_frame_end(renderer* ren) {}
+void render_frame_draw(renderer* ren) {}
 
-void point_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, point_light* light, char index) {
-  char position_str[] = "pointLights[x].position";
-  position_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char ambient_str[] = "pointLights[x].ambient";
-  ambient_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char diffuse_str[] = "pointLights[x].diffuse";
-  diffuse_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char specular_str[] = "pointLights[x].specular";
-  specular_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char constant_str[] = "pointLights[x].constant";
-  constant_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char linear_str[] = "pointLights[x].linear";
-  linear_str[12] = (char)index;
-  char quadratic_str[] = "pointLights[x].quadratic";
-  quadratic_str[12] = (char)index;
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, position_str, &light->position);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, ambient_str, &light->ambient);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, diffuse_str, &light->diffuse);
-  uniform_vec3f(shader.program_id, specular_str, &light->specular);
-  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, constant_str, light->constant);
-  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, linear_str, light->linear);
-  uniform_f32(shader.program_id, quadratic_str, light->quadratic);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+void gfx_backend_draw_frame(renderer* ren, camera* camera, mat4 model, texture* tex) {}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/render.h b/src/renderer/render.h
index 31cf3b0..0aeeac2 100644
--- a/src/renderer/render.h
+++ b/src/renderer/render.h
@@ -10,37 +10,34 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
-#include "camera.h"
-#include "loaders.h"
 #include "render_types.h"
-#include "transform_hierarchy.h"
+#include "ral_types.h"
 
-// --- Lifecycle
-/** @brief initialise the render system frontend */
 bool renderer_init(renderer* ren);
-/** @brief shutdown the render system frontend */
 void renderer_shutdown(renderer* ren);
 
-void renderer_on_resize(renderer* ren);
-
-struct render_packet;
-
-// --- Frame
-
 void render_frame_begin(renderer* ren);
 void render_frame_end(renderer* ren);
 void render_frame_draw(renderer* ren);
 
-// --- models meshes
-void model_upload_meshes(renderer* ren, model* model);
-void draw_model(renderer* ren, camera* camera, model* model, mat4* tf, scene* scene);
-void draw_mesh(renderer* ren, mesh* mesh, mat4* tf, material* mat, mat4* view, mat4* proj);
-void draw_scene(arena* frame, model_darray* models, renderer* ren, camera* camera,
-                transform_hierarchy* tfh, scene* scene);
+// ! TEMP
+typedef struct camera camera;
+void gfx_backend_draw_frame(renderer* ren, camera* camera, mat4 model, texture* tex);
+
+// frontend -- these can be called from say a loop in an example, or via FFI
+texture_handle texture_create(const char* debug_name, texture_desc description, const u8* data);
+
+// Frontend Resources
+// TODO: void texture_data_upload(texture_handle texture);
+void texture_data_upload(texture* tex);
+texture texture_data_load(const char* path, bool invert_y);
+buffer_handle buffer_create(const char* debug_name, u64 size);
+bool buffer_destroy(buffer_handle buffer);
+sampler_handle sampler_create();
 
-void draw_skinned_model(renderer* ren, camera* cam, model* model, transform tf, scene* scene);
+void shader_hot_reload(const char* filepath);
 
-void model_destroy(model* model);
+// models and meshes are implemented **in terms of the above**
+mesh mesh_create(geometry_data* geometry);
 
-// ---
-texture texture_data_load(const char* path, bool invert_y);  // #frontend
+model_handle model_load(const char* debug_name, const char* filepath);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/renderer/render_types.h b/src/renderer/render_types.h
index 3bce88f..bc9692f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/render_types.h
+++ b/src/renderer/render_types.h
@@ -1,60 +1,71 @@
-// /**
-//  * @file render_types.h
-//  * @author Omniscient
-//  * @brief Type definitions for the majority of data required by the renderer system
-//  * @date 2024-02-24
-//  *
-//  */
-// #pragma once
+/**
+ * @file render_types.h
+ * @author your name (you@domain.com)
+ * @brief 
+ * @version 0.1
+ * @date 2024-04-27
+ * 
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2024
+ * 
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ral_types.h"
+#include "ral.h"
+#if defined(CEL_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
+#include "backend_dx11.h"
+#endif
 
-#include "animation.h"
-#include "darray.h"
-#include "maths.h"
-#include "maths_types.h"
-#include "str.h"
-
-// struct GLFWwindow;
-
-// #define MAX_MATERIAL_NAME_LEN 256
-// #define MAX_TEXTURE_NAME_LEN 256
-
-// #ifndef RESOURCE_HANDLE_DEFS
-// // CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(model_handle);
-// #define ABSENT_MODEL_HANDLE 999999999
-// // CORE_DEFINE_HANDLE(texture_handle);
-// #define RESOURCE_HANDLE_DEFS
-// #endif
-
-// /* @brief Opaque wrapper around a shader program */
-// typedef struct shader {
-//   u32 program_id;
-// } shader;
-
-// /** @brief configuration passed to the renderer at init time */
-// typedef struct renderer_config {
-//   char window_name[256];
-//   u32 scr_width, scr_height;
-//   vec3 clear_colour; /** colour that the screen gets cleared to every frame */
-// } renderer_config;
-
-// typedef struct frame_stats {
-//   u64 last_time;
-// } frame_stats;
+struct GLFWwindow;
+
+/** @brief configuration passed to the renderer at init time */
+typedef struct renderer_config {
+  char window_name[256];
+  u32 scr_width, scr_height;
+  vec3 clear_colour; /** colour that the screen gets cleared to every frame */
+} renderer_config;
 
 typedef struct renderer {
-  struct GLFWwindow *window; /** Currently all platforms use GLFW*/
-  void *backend_state;       /** Graphics API-specific state */
+  struct GLFWwindow* window;
+  void* backend_context;
   renderer_config config;
-  // shaders
-  shader blinn_phong;
-  shader skinned;
+  gpu_device* device;
+  gpu_pipeline* static_opaque_pipeline;
 } renderer;
 
-// // --- Lighting & Materials
+typedef struct geometry_data {
+  vertex_format format;
+  vertex_darray* vertices; // TODO: make it not a pointe
+  bool has_indices;
+  u32_darray indices;
+  vec3 colour; /** Optional: set vertex colours */
+} geometry_data;
+
+void geo_set_vertex_colours(geometry_data* geo, vec4 colour);
+
+typedef struct mesh {
+  buffer_handle vertex_buffer;
+  buffer_handle index_buffer;
+  u32 index_count;
+  bool has_indices;
+  geometry_data* vertices;  // NULL means it has been freed
+} mesh;
+
+/* Hot reloading:
+C side - reload_model():
+  - load model from disk using existing loader
+  - remove from transform graph so it isnt tried to be drawn
+*/
+
+typedef struct model {
+  str8 name;
+  mesh* meshes;
+  u32 mesh_count;
+} model;
 
 typedef struct texture {
   u32 texture_id;
-  char name[MAX_TEXTURE_NAME_LEN];
+  char name[256];
   void *image_data;
   void *backend_data;
   u32 width;
@@ -63,148 +74,42 @@ typedef struct texture {
   u32 channel_type;
 } texture;
 
-// typedef struct blinn_phong_material {
-//   char name[MAX_MATERIAL_NAME_LEN];
-//   texture diffuse_texture;
-//   char diffuse_tex_path[256];
-//   texture specular_texture;
-//   char specular_tex_path[256];
-//   vec3 ambient_colour;
-//   vec3 diffuse;
-//   vec3 specular;
-//   f32 spec_exponent;
-//   bool is_loaded;
-//   bool is_uploaded;
-// } blinn_phong_material;
-// typedef blinn_phong_material material;  // when we start using PBR, this will no longer be the
-// case
-
-// // the default blinn-phong material. MUST be initialised with the function below
-// extern material DEFAULT_MATERIAL;
-// void default_material_init();
+typedef struct blinn_phong_material {
+  char name[256];
+  texture diffuse_texture;
+  char diffuse_tex_path[256];
+  texture specular_texture;
+  char specular_tex_path[256];
+  vec3 ambient_colour;
+  vec3 diffuse;
+  vec3 specular;
+  f32 spec_exponent;
+  bool is_loaded;
+  bool is_uploaded;
+} blinn_phong_material;
+typedef blinn_phong_material material;
 
-#ifndef TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(material)  // creates "material_darray"
-#define TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
-#endif
+// the default blinn-phong material. MUST be initialised with the function below
+extern material DEFAULT_MATERIAL;
+void default_material_init();
 
-#ifndef TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(animation_clip)  // creates "material_darray"
-#define TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
+#ifndef TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(mesh)
+#define TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
 #endif
 
-// // lights
-// typedef struct point_light {
-//   vec3 position;
-//   f32 constant, linear, quadratic;
-//   vec3 ambient;
-//   vec3 diffuse;
-//   vec3 specular;
-// } point_light;
-
-// typedef struct directional_light {
-//   vec3 direction;
-//   vec3 ambient;
-//   vec3 diffuse;
-//   vec3 specular;
-// } directional_light;
-
-// void point_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, point_light *light, char index);
-// void dir_light_upload_uniforms(shader shader, directional_light *light);
-
-// // --- Models & Meshes
-
-// /** @brief Vertex format for a static mesh */
-// typedef struct vertex {
-//   vec3 position;
-//   vec3 normal;
-//   vec2 uv;
-// } vertex;
-
-typedef struct vertex_bone_data {
-  vec4u joints; /** @brief 4 indices of joints that influence vectors position */
-  vec4 weights; /** @brief weight (0,1) of each joint */
-} vertex_bone_data;
-
-#include "animation.h"
-#ifndef TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex)            // creates "vertex_darray"
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(vertex_bone_data)  // creates "skinned_vertex_darray"
-KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(joint)
-#define TYPED_VERTEX_ARRAY
+#ifndef TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(model)
+#define TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
 #endif
 
-typedef struct mesh {
-  vertex_darray *vertices;
-  vertex_bone_data_darray *vertex_bone_data;  // only used if model needs it
-  joint_darray *bones;
-  bool is_skinned;
-  u32 vertex_size; /** size in bytes of each vertex including necessary padding */
-  bool has_indices;
-  u32 *indices;
-  u32 indices_len;
-  size_t material_index;
-  u32 vbo, vao; /** OpenGL data. TODO: dont leak OpenGL details */
-} mesh;
-
-// #ifndef TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
-// KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(mesh)  // creates "mesh_darray"
-// #define TYPED_MESH_ARRAY
-// #endif
-
-typedef struct model {
-  str8 name;
-  mesh_darray *meshes;
-  aabb_3d bbox;
-  material_darray *materials;
-  animation_clip_darray *animations;
-  arena animation_data_arena;
-  bool is_loaded;
-  bool is_uploaded;
-} model;
+#ifndef TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(material)
+#define TYPED_MATERIAL_ARRAY
+#endif
 
-// #ifndef TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
-// KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(model)  // creates "model_darray"
-// #define TYPED_MODEL_ARRAY
-// #endif
-
-// // --- Scene
-
-// // NOTE: This struct won't stay like this for a long time. It's somewhat temporary
-// //       in order to get a basic scene working without putting burden on the caller of
-// //       draw_model()
-// typedef struct scene {
-//   directional_light dir_light;
-//   point_light point_lights[4];
-//   size_t n_point_lights;
-// } scene;
-
-// // --- Graphics API related
-
-// // typedef enum cel_primitive_topology {
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINT,
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE,
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINE_STRIP,
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE,
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
-// //   CEL_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_COUNT
-// // } cel_primitive_topology;
-
-// // typedef enum gpu_texture_type {
-// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_2D,
-// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_3D,
-// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_2D_ARRAY,
-// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_CUBE_MAP,
-// //   TEXTURE_TYPE_COUNT
-// // } gpu_texture_type;
-
-// // typedef enum gpu_texture_format {
-// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_8_8_8_8_RGBA_UNORM,
-// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_DEPTH_DEFAULT,
-// //   TEXTURE_FORMAT_COUNT
-// // } gpu_texture_format;
-
-// // typedef enum pipeline_kind {
-// //   GRAPHICS,
-// //   COMPUTE,
-// // } pipeline_kind;
\ No newline at end of file
+#ifndef TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
+#include "animation.h"
+KITC_DECL_TYPED_ARRAY(animation_clip)
+#define TYPED_ANIMATION_CLIP_ARRAY
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file